New IPv6 Allocation Policies Ratified
Member Services
memsvcs at arin.net
Mon Jul 29 15:57:02 EDT 2002
The following new policy has been ratified in the ARIN
region and will be implemented on August 1, 2002:
Policy 2001-4: Modification to the IPv6 Allocation Policies
The three RIRs have compiled the "IPv6 Address Allocation and
Assignment Policy" document dated June 26, 2002, using feedback
received from the RIR communities since the publishing of the
provisional IPv6 document in 1999. In the interest of maintaining
IPv6 policies that are global in scope, ARIN accepts the document
with language on initial allocations as amended following the
APNIC 13 and ARIN IX Public Policy Meetings.
The full text of the "IPv6 Address Allocation and Assignment
Policy" document can be viewed below. This new policy text
and accompanying request templates will be posted on the ARIN
website on August 1, 2002.
This policy replaces ARIN's existing IPv6 allocation policies
and was created in accordance with ARIN's Internet Resource
Policy Evaluation Process which can be viewed here:
http://www.arin.net/policy/ipep.html
Member Services
American Registry for Internet Numbers (ARIN)
##### * #####
The following modifications to this document have been made
since its final posting on June 26, 2002:
* Duplicate word "Assignment" removed from title
* Page numbers removed
* Editorial comment regarding change status of
definitions removed
##### * #####
IPv6 Address Allocation and Assignment Policy
June, 26 2002
Status of this Memo
This document was developed through joint discussions among the
APNIC, ARIN and RIPE communities.
Abstract
This document defines registry policies for the assignment and
allocation of globally-unique IPv6 addresses to ISPs and other
organizations. This document obsoletes the "Provisional IPv6
assignment and allocation policy document".
This document was developed jointly by the communities of APNIC,
ARIN, and RIPE.
Contents
Status of this Memo
1. Introduction
1.1. Overview
2. Definitions
2.1. Internet Registry (IR)
2.2. Regional Internet Registry (RIR)
2.3. National Internet Registry (NIR)
2.4. Local Internet Registry (LIR)
2.5. Allocate
2.6. Assign
2.7. Utilization
2.8. HD-Ratio
2.9. End site
3. Goals of IPv6 address space management
3.1. Goals
3.2. Uniqueness
3.3. Registration
3.4. Aggregation
3.5. Conservation
3.6. Fairness
3.7. Minimized Overhead
3.8. Conflict of goals
4. IPv6 Policy Principles
4.1. Address space not to be considered property
4.2. Routability not guaranteed
4.3. Minimum Allocation
4.4. Consideration of IPv4 Infrastructure
5. Policies for allocations and assignments
5.1. Initial allocation
5.1.1. Initial allocation criteria
5.1.2. Initial allocation size
5.2. Subsequent allocation
5.2.1. Subsequent allocation criteria
5.2.2. Applied HD-Ratio
5.2.3. Subsequent Allocation Size
5.3. LIR-to-ISP allocation
5.4. Assignment
5.4.1. Assignment address space size
5.4.2. Assignment of multiple /48s to a single end site
5.4.3. Assignment to operator's infrastructure
5.5. Registration
5.6. Reverse lookup
5.7. Existing IPv6 address space holders
6. References
7. Appendix A: HD-Ratio
8. Appendix B: Background information
8.1. Background
8.2. Why a joint policy
8.3. The size of IPv6's address space
8.4. Acknowledgment
1. Introduction
1.1. Overview
This document describes policies for the allocation and assignment of
globally-unique Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6) address space. It
updates and obsoletes the existing Provisional IPv6 Policies in
effect since 1999 [RIRv6-Policies]. Policies described in this
document are are intended to be adopted by each registry. However,
adoption of this document does not preclude local variations in each
region or area.
[RFC2373, RFC2373bis] designate 2000::/3 to be global unicast address
space that IANA may allocate to the RIRs. In accordance with
[RFC2928, RFC2373bis, IAB-Request], IANA has allocated initial ranges
of global unicast IPv6 address space from the 2001::/16 address block
to the existing RIRs. This document concerns the initial and
subsequent allocations of the 2000::/3 unicast address space, for
which RIRs formulate allocation and assignment policies. Because end
sites will generally be given /48 assignments [RFC 3177, RIRs-
on-48s], the particular emphasis of this document is on policies
relating the bits within 2000::/3 to the left of the /48 boundary.
However, since some end sites will receive /64 and /128 assignments,
all bits to the left of /64 are in scope.
This policy is considered to be an interim policy. It will be
reviewed in the future, subject to greater experience in the
administration of IPv6.
2. Definitions
The following terms and their definitions are of particular
importance to the understanding of the goals, environment, and
policies described in this document.
Responsibility for management of IPv6 address spaces is distributed
globally in accordance with the hierarchical structure shown below.
+--------+
| IANA |
+--------+
|
+-----------+
| |
+--------+ +--------+
| RIR | | RIR | Regional Internet
+--------+ +--------+ Registries (APNIC, ARIN, RIPE NCC,
| | plus possible future RIRs)
| |
| +-----+
| | NIR | National Internet
| +-----+ Registries (AP region)
| |
+--------+ +--------+
|LIR/ISP | |LIR/ISP | Local Internet
+--------+ +--------+ Registries (ISPs)
| |
+--------+ |
| | |
+-------+ +----+ +----+
|EU(ISP)| | EU | | EU | End users
+-------+ +----+ +----+
2.1. Internet Registry (IR)
An Internet Registry (IR) is an organization that is responsible for
distributing IP address space to its members or customers and for
registering those distributions. IRs are classified according to
their primary function and territorial scope within the hierarchical
structure depicted in the figure above.
2.2. Regional Internet Registry (RIR)
Regional Internet Registries (RIRs) are established and authorized by
respective regional communities, and recognized by the IANA to serve
and represent large geographical regions. The primary role of RIRs
is to manage and distribute public Internet address space within
their respective regions.
2.3. National Internet Registry (NIR)
A National Internet Registry (NIR) primarily allocates address space
to its members or constituents, which are generally LIRs organized at
a national level. NIRs exist mostly in the Asia Pacific region.
2.4. Local Internet Registry (LIR)
A Local Internet Registry (LIR) is an IR that primarily assigns
address space to the users of the network services that it provides.
LIRs are generally ISPs, whose customers are primarily end users and
possibly other ISPs.
2.5. Allocate
To allocate means to distribute address space to IRs for the purpose
of subsequent distribution by them.
2.6. Assign
To assign means to delegate address space to an ISP or end-user, for
specific use within the Internet infrastructure they operate.
Assignments must only be made for specific purposes documented by
specific organizations and are not to be sub-assigned to other
parties.
2.7. Utilization
Unlike IPv4, IPv6 is generally assigned to end sites in fixed amounts
(/48). The actual usage of addresses within each assignment will be
quite low, when compared to IPv4 assignments. In IPv6, "utilization"
is only measured in terms of the bits to the left of the /48
boundary. In other words, utilization refers to the assignment of
/48s to end sites, and not the number of addresses assigned within
individual /48s at those end sites.
Throughout this document, the term utilization refers to the
allocation of /48s to end sites, and not the number of addresses
assigned within individual /48s within those end sites.
2.8. HD-Ratio
The HD-Ratio is a way of measuring the efficiency of address
assignment [RFC 3194]. It is an adaptation of the H-Ratio originally
defined in [RFC1715] and is expressed as follows:
Log (number of allocated objects)
HD = ------------------------------------------------
Log (maximum number of allocatable objects)
where (in the case of this document) the objects are IPv6 site
addresses (/48s) assigned from an IPv6 prefix of a given size.
2.9. End site
An end site is defined as an end user (subscriber) who has a business
relationship with a service provider that involves:
- that service provider assigning address space to the end user
- that service provider providing transit service for the end user
to other sites
- that service provider carrying the end user's traffic.
- that service provider advertising an aggregate prefix route that
contains the end user's assignment
3. Goals of IPv6 address space management
3.1. Goals
IPv6 address space is a public resource that must be managed in a
prudent manner with regards to the long-term interests of the
internet. Responsible address space management involves balancing a
set of sometimes competing goals. The following are the goals
relevant to IPv6 address policy.
3.2. Uniqueness
Every assignment and/or allocation of address space must guarantee
uniqueness worldwide. This is an absolute requirement for ensuring
that every public host on the Internet can be uniquely identified.
3.3. Registration
Internet address space must be registered in a registry database
accessible to appropriate members of the Internet community. This is
necessary to ensure the uniqueness of each Internet address and to
provide reference information for Internet troubleshooting at all
levels, ranging from all RIRs and IRs to end users.
The goal of registration should be applied within the context of
reasonable privacy considerations and applicable laws.
3.4. Aggregation
Wherever possible, address space should be distributed in a
hierarchical manner, according to the topology of network
infrastructure. This is necessary to permit the aggregation of
routing information by ISPs, and to limit the expansion of Internet
routing tables.
This goal is particularly important in IPv6 addressing, where the
size of the total address pool creates significant implications for
both internal and external routing.
IPv6 address policies should seek to avoid fragmentation of address
ranges.
Further, RIRs should apply practices that maximize the potential for
subsequent allocations to be made contiguous with past allocations
currently held. However, there can be no guarantee of contiguous
allocation.
3.5. Conservation
Although IPv6 provides an extremely large pool of address space,
address policies should avoid unnecessarily wasteful practices.
Requests for address space should be supported by appropriate
documentation and stockpiling of unused addresses should be avoided.
3.6. Fairness
All policies and practices relating to the use of public address
space should apply fairly and equitably to all existing and potential
members of the Internet community, regardless of their location,
nationality, size or any other factor.
3.7. Minimized Overhead
It is desirable to minimize the overhead associated with obtaining
address space. Overhead includes the need to go back to RIRs for
additional space too frequently, the overhead associated with
managing address space that grows through a number of small
successive incremental expansions rather than through fewer, but
larger, expansions.
3.8. Conflict of goals
The goals described above will often conflict with each other, or
with the needs of individual IRs or end users. All IRs evaluating
requests for allocations and assignments must make judgments, seeking
to balance the needs of the applicant with the needs of the Internet
community as a whole.
In IPv6 address policy, the goal of aggregation is considered to be
the most important.
4. IPv6 Policy Principles
To address the goals described in the previous section, the policies
in this document discuss and follow the basic principles described
below.
4.1. Address space not to be considered property
It is contrary to the goals of this document and is not in the
interests of the Internet community as a whole for address space to
be considered freehold property.
The policies in this document are based upon the understanding that
globally-unique IPv6 unicast address space is licensed for use rather
than owned. Specifically, IP addresses will be allocated and
assigned on a license basis, with licenses subject to renewal on a
periodic basis. The granting of a license is subject to specific
conditions applied at the start or renewal of the license.
RIRs will generally renew licenses automatically, provided requesting
organizations are making a good-faith effort at meeting the criteria
under which they qualified for or were granted an allocation or
assignment. However, in those cases where a requesting organization
is not using the address space as intended, or is showing bad faith
in following through on the associated obligation, RIRs reserve the
right to not renew the license.
Note that when a license is renewed, the new license will be
evaluated under and governed by the applicable IPv6 address policies
in place at the time of renewal, which may differ from the policy in
place at the time of the original allocation or assignment.
4.2. Routability not guaranteed
There is no guarantee that any address allocation or assignment will
be globally routable.
However, RIRs must apply procedures that reduce the possibility of
fragmented address space which may lead to a loss of routability.
4.3. Minimum Allocation
RIRs will apply a minimum size for IPv6 allocations, to facilitate
prefix-based filtering.
The minimum allocation size for IPv6 address space is /32.
4.4. Consideration of IPv4 Infrastructure
Where an existing IPv4 service provider requests IPv6 space for
eventual transition of existing services to IPv6, the number of
present IPv4 customers may be used to justify a larger request than
would be justified if based solely on the IPv6 infrastructure.
5. Policies for allocations and assignments
5.1. Initial allocation
5.1.1. Initial allocation criteria
To qualify for an initial allocation of IPv6 address space, an
organization must:
a) be an LIR;
b) not be an end site;
c) plan to provide IPv6 connectivity to organizations to which it
will assign /48s, by advertising that connectivity through its
single aggregated address allocation; and
d) have a plan for making at least 200 /48 assignments to other
organizations within two years.
5.1.2. Initial allocation size
Organizations that meet the initial allocation criteria are eligible
to receive a minimum allocation of /32.
Organizations may qualify for an initial allocation greater than /32
by submitting documentation that reasonably justifies the request.
If so, the allocation size will be based on the number of existing
users and the extent of the organization's infrastructure.
5.2. Subsequent allocation
Organizations that hold an existing IPv6 allocation may receive a
subsequent allocation in accordance with the following policies.
5.2.1. Subsequent allocation criteria
Subsequent allocation will be provided when an organization (ISP/LIR)
satisfies the evaluation threshold of past address utilization in
terms of the number of sites in units of /48 assignments. The HD-
Ratio [RFC 3194] is used to determine the utilization thresholds that
justify the allocation of additional address as described below.
5.2.2. Applied HD-Ratio
The HD-Ratio value of 0.8 is adopted as indicating an acceptable
address utilization for justifying the allocation of additional
address space. Appendix A provides a table showing the number of
assignments that are necessary to achieve an acceptable utilization
value for a given address block size.
5.2.3. Subsequent Allocation Size
When an organization has achieved an acceptable utilization for its
allocated address space, it is immediately eligible to obtain an
additional allocation that results in a doubling of the address space
allocated to it. Where possible, the allocation will be made from an
adjacent address block, meaning that its existing allocation is
extended by one bit to the left.
If an organization needs more address space, it must provide
documentation justifying its requirements for a two-year period. The
allocation made will be based on this requirement.
5.3. LIR-to-ISP allocation
There is no specific policy for an organization (LIR) to allocate
address space to subordinate ISPs. Each LIR organization may develop
its own policy for subordinate ISPs to encourage optimum utilization
of the total address block allocated to the LIR. However, all /48
assignments to end sites are required to be registered either by the
LIR or its subordinate ISPs in such a way that the RIR/NIR can
properly evaluate the HD-Ratio when a subsequent allocation becomes
necessary.
5.4. Assignment
LIRs must make IPv6 assignments in accordance with the following
provisions.
5.4.1. Assignment address space size
Assignments are to be made in accordance with the existing guidelines
[RFC3177,RIRs-on-48], which are summarized here as:
- /48 in the general case, except for very large subscribers
- /64 when it is known that one and only one subnet is needed by
design
- /128 when it is absolutely known that one and only one device is
connecting.
RIRs/NIRs are not concerned about which address size an LIR/ISP
actually assigns. Accordingly, RIRs/NIRs will not request the
detailed information on IPv6 user networks as they did in IPv4,
except for the cases described in Section 4.4 and for the purposes of
measuring utilization as defined in this document.
5.4.2. Assignment of multiple /48s to a single end site
When a single end site requires an additional /48 address block, it
must request the assignment with documentation or materials that
justify the request. Requests for multiple or additional /48s will
be processed and reviewed (i.e., evaluation of justification) at the
RIR/NIR level.
Note: There is no experience at the present time with the assignment
of multiple /48s to the same end site. Having the RIR review all
such assignments is intended to be a temporary measure until some
experience has been gained and some common policies can be developed.
In addition, additional work at defining policies in this space will
likely be carried out in the near future.
5.4.3. Assignment to operator's infrastructure
An organization (ISP/LIR) may assign a /48 per PoP as the service
infrastructure of an IPv6 service operator. Each assignment to a PoP
is regarded as one assignment regardless of the number of users using
the PoP. A separate assignment can be obtained for the in-house
operations of the operator.
5.5. Registration
When an organization holding an IPv6 address allocation makes IPv6
address assignments, it must register assignment information in a
database, accessible by RIRs as appropriate (information registered
by an RIR/NIR may be replaced by a distributed database for
registering address management information in future). Information
is registered in units of assigned /48 networks. When more than a
/48 is assigned to an organization, the assigning organization is
responsible for ensuring that the address space is registered in an
RIR/NIR database.
RIR/NIRs will use registered data to calculate the HD-Ratio at the
time of application for subsequent allocation and to check for
changes in assignments over time.
IRs shall maintain systems and practices that protect the security of
personal and commercial information that is used in request
evaluation, but which is not required for public registration.
5.6. Reverse lookup
When an RIR/NIR delegates IPv6 address space to an organization, it
also delegates the responsibility to manage the reverse lookup zone
that corresponds to the allocated IPv6 address space. Each
organization should properly manage its reverse lookup zone. When
making an address assignment, the organization must delegate to an
assignee organization, upon request, the responsibility to manage the
reverse lookup zone that corresponds to the assigned address.
5.7. Existing IPv6 address space holders
Organizations that received /35 IPv6 allocations under the previous
IPv6 address policy [RIRv6-Policies] are immediately entitled to have
their allocation expanded to a /32 address block, without providing
justification, so long as they satisfy the criteria in Section 5.1.1.
The /32 address block will contain the already allocated smaller
address block (one or multiple /35 address blocks in many cases) that
was already reserved by the RIR for a subsequent allocation to the
organization. Requests for additional space beyond the minimum /32
size will be evaluated as discussed elsewhere in the document.
6. References
[RFC1715] "The H Ratio for Address Assignment Efficiency", C.
Huitema.
November 1994, RFC 1715.
[IAB-Request] "Email from IAB to IANA",
http://www.iab.org/iab/DOCUMENTS/IPv6addressspace.txt.
[RFC2373] "IP Version 6 Addressing Architecture", R. Hinden, S.
Deering. July 1998, RFC 2373.
[RFC2373bis] draft-ietf-ipngwg-addr-arch-v3-07.txt.
[RFC2928] "Initial IPv6 Sub-TLA ID Assignments", R. Hinden, S.
Deering, R. Fink, T. Hain. September 2000, RFC 2928.
[RFC3177] "IAB/IESG Recommendations on IPv6 Address". IAB, IESG.
September 2001, RFC 3177.
[RFC3194] "The H-Density Ratio for Address Assignment Efficiency An
Update on the H ratio", A. Durand, C. Huitema. November
2001, RFC 3194.
[RIRs-on-48]
http://www.arin.net/library/guidelines/ipv6_initial.html,
[RIRv6-Policies]
http://www.arin.net/regserv/ipv6/ipv6guidelines.html,
http://www.ripe.net/ripe/docs/ripe-196.html,
http://www.apnic.net/docs/drafts/ipv6/ipv6-policy-280599.html.
7. Appendix A: HD-Ratio
The HD-Ratio is not intended to replace the traditional utilization
measurement that ISPs perform with IPv4 today. Indeed, the HD-Ratio
still requires counting the number of assigned objects. The primary
value of the HD-Ratio is its usefulness at determining reasonable
target utilization threshold values for an address space of a given
size. This document uses the HD-Ratio to determine the thresholds at
which a given allocation has achieved an acceptable level of
utilization and the assignment of additional address space becomes
justified.
The utilization threshold T, expressed as a number of individual /48
prefixes to be allocated from IPv6 prefix P, can be calculated as:
((48-P)*HD)
T = 2
Thus, the utilization threshold for an organization requesting
subsequent allocation of IPv6 address block is specified as a
function of the prefix size and target HD ratio. This utilization
refers to the allocation of /48s to end sites, and not the
utilization of those /48s within those end sites. It is an address
allocation utilization ratio and not an address assignment
utilization ratio.
In accordance with the recommendations of [RFC 3194], this document
adopts an HD-Ratio of 0.8 as the utilization threshold for IPv6
address space allocations.
The following table provides equivalent absolute and percentage
address utilization figures for IPv6 prefixes, corresponding to an
HD-Ratio of 0.8
P 48-P Total /48s Threshold Util%
48 0 1 1 100.0%
47 1 2 2 87.1%
46 2 4 3 75.8%
45 3 8 5 66.0%
44 4 16 9 57.4%
43 5 32 16 50.0%
42 6 64 28 43.5%
41 7 128 49 37.9%
40 8 256 84 33.0%
39 9 512 147 28.7%
38 10 1024 256 25.0%
37 11 2048 446 21.8%
36 12 4096 776 18.9%
35 13 8192 1351 16.5%
34 14 16384 2353 14.4%
33 15 32768 4096 12.5%
32 16 65536 7132 10.9%
31 17 131072 12417 9.5%
30 18 262144 21619 8.2%
29 19 524288 37641 7.2%
28 20 1048576 65536 6.3%
27 21 2097152 114105 5.4%
26 22 4194304 198668 4.7%
25 23 8388608 345901 4.1%
24 24 16777216 602249 3.6%
23 25 33554432 1048576 3.1%
22 26 67108864 1825677 2.7%
21 27 134217728 3178688 2.4%
20 28 268435456 5534417 2.1%
19 29 536870912 9635980 1.8%
18 30 1073741824 16777216 1.6%
17 31 2147483648 29210830 1.4%
16 32 4294967296 50859008 1.2%
15 33 8589934592 88550677 1.0%
14 34 17179869184 154175683 0.9%
13 35 34359738368 268435456 0.8%
12 36 68719476736 467373275 0.7%
11 37 137438953472 813744135 0.6%
10 38 274877906944 1416810831 0.5%
9 39 549755813888 2466810934 0.4%
8 40 1099511627776 4294967296 0.4%
7 41 2199023255552 7477972398 0.3%
6 42 4398046511104 13019906166 0.3%
5 43 8796093022208 22668973294 0.3%
4 44 17592186044416 39468974941 0.2%
8. Appendix B: Background information
8.1. Background
The impetus for revising the 1999 Provisional IPv6 policy started
with the APNIC meeting held in Taiwan in August 2001. Follow-on
discussions were held at the October, 2001 RIPE and ARIN meetings.
During these meetings, the participants recognized an urgent need for
more detailed, complete policies. One result of the meetings was the
establishment of a single mailing list to discuss a revised policy
together with a desire to develop a general policy that all RIRs
could use. This document does not provide details of individual
discussions that lead to policies described in this document;
detailed information can be found in the individual meeting minutes
at the www.apnic.net, www.arin.net, and www.ripe.net web sites.
8.2. Why a joint policy
IPv6 addresses are a public resource that must be managed with
consideration to the long-term interests of the internet community.
Although regional registries adopt allocation policies according to
their own internal processes, address policies should largely be
uniform across registries. Having significantly varying policies in
different regions is undesirable because it can lead to situations
where "registry shopping" can occur as requesting organizations
request addresses from the registry that has the most favorable
policy for their particular desires. This can lead to the policies
in one region undermining the efforts of registries in other regions
with regards to prudent stewardship of the address space. In cases
where regional variations from the policy are deemed necessary, the
preferred approach is to raise the issue in the other regional
registries in order to develop a consensus approach that all
registries can support.
8.3. The size of IPv6's address space
Compared to IPv4, IPv6 has a seemingly endless amount of address
space. While superficially true, short-sighted and wasteful
allocation policies could also result in the adoption of practices
that lead to premature exhaustion of the address space.
It should be noted that the 128-bit address space is divided into
three logical parts, with the usage of each component managed
differently. The rightmost 64 bits, the Interface Identifier
[RFC2373], will often be a globally-unique IEEE identifier (e.g., mac
address). Although an "inefficient" way to use the Interface
Identifier field from the perspective of maximizing the number of
addressable nodes, the numbering scheme was explicitly chosen to
simplify Stateless Address Autoconfiguration [RFC2462].
The middle 16 bits of an address indicate the subnet ID. Per [RFC
3177, RIRs-on-48s], this field will often be inefficiently utilized,
but the operational benefits of a consistent width subnet field were
deemed to be outweigh the drawbacks.
The decisions to inefficiently utilize the bits to the right of /48
were made under the knowledge and assumption that the bits to the
left of /48 would be managed prudently and that if done so, will be
adequate for the expected lifetime of IPv6 [RFC3177].
8.4. Acknowledgment
The initial version of this document was produced by The JPNIC IPv6
policy drafting team consisting of Akihiro Inomata, Akinori Maemura,
Kosuke Ito, Kuniaki Kondo, Takashi Arano, Tomohiro Fujisaki, and
Toshiyuki Yamasaki. Special thanks goes out to this team, who worked
over a holiday in order to produce an initial document quickly.
An editing team was then organized by representatives from each of
the three RIRs (Takashi Arano, Chair of APNIC's Policy SIG, Thomas
Narten, Chair of ARIN's IPv6 WG, and David Kessens, Chair of RIPE
NCC's IPv6 WG).
The editing team would like to acknowledge the contributions to this
document of Takashi Arano, John Crain, Steve Deering, Gert Doering,
Kosuke Ito, Richard Jimmerson, David Kessens, Mirjam Kuehne, Anne
Lord, Jun Murai, Paul Mylotte, Thomas Narten, Ray Plzak, Dave Pratt,
Stuart Prevost, Barbara Roseman, Gerard Ross, Paul Wilson, Cathy
Wittbrodt and Wilfried Woeber.
The final editing of this document was done by Thomas Narten.
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