[ppml] Policy Proposal 2006-2: Micro-allocations for Internal Infrastructure
Member Services
memsvcs at arin.net
Fri Feb 17 14:31:06 EST 2006
On February 16, 2006, the ARIN Advisory Council concluded its review of
'Micro-allocations for Internal Infrastructure' and accepted it as a
formal policy proposal for discussion by the community. This proposal is
designated Policy Proposal 2006-2: Micro-allocations for Internal
infrastructure. The proposal text is below and can be found at:
http://www.arin.net/policy/proposals/2006_2.html
All persons in the community are encouraged to discuss Policy Proposal
2006-2 in the weeks leading to the ARIN Public Policy Meeting in
Montreal scheduled for April 10-11, 2006. Both the discussion on the
Public Policy Mailing List and at the Public Policy Meeting will be used
to determine the community consensus regarding this policy proposal.
The ARIN Internet Resource Policy Evaluation Process can be found at:
http://www.arin.net/policy/irpep.html
ARIN's Policy Proposal Archive can be found at:
http://www.arin.net/policy/proposals/proposal_archive.html
Regards,
Member Services
American Registry for Internet Numbers (ARIN)
### * ###
Policy Proposal 2006-2: Micro-allocations for Internal Infrastructure
Author: Jason Schiller, Chris Morrow, Heather Skanks, Greg Stilwell, Beth Vu
Proposal type: modify
Policy term: permanent
Policy statement:
To replace section 6.10
6.10 Micro-allocation
ARIN will make micro-allocations for critical infrastructure, and the
RIRs and IANA as defined in the sub-sections below. These allocations
will be no longer (more specific) than a IPv6 /48. Multiple allocations
may be granted in certain situations. Micro-allocations MUST be provided
from a specific range of addresses. ARIN will make a list of these
blocks publicly available. ISPs and other organizations receiving these
micro-allocations will be charged under the ISP fee schedule, while
end-users will be charged under the fee schedule for end-users. This
policy does not preclude organizations from requesting address space
under other policies.
6.10.1 Micro-allocation for public exchange points Public Internet
exchange point operators must provide justification for the
micro-allocation, including: connection policy, location, other
participants (minimum of two total), ASN, and contact information.
Exchange point allocations MUST be allocated from specific blocks
reserved only for this purpose.
6.10.2 Micro-allocation for core DNS service providers Core DNS service
providers (e.g. ICANN-sanctioned root, gTLD, and ccTLD operators) must
provide justification for the micro-allocation, including: name of core
DNS server, location, ASN, and contact information.
Core DNS server allocations MUST be allocated from the micro-allocation
block. This block must be separate from the exchange point
micro-allocation block and the internal infrastructure micro-allocation
block.
6.10.3 Micro-allocation for internal infrastructure Organizations that
currently hold IPv6 allocations may apply for a micro-allocation for
internal infrastructure. Applicant must provide justification
indicating why a separate non-routed block is required.
Justification must include why a sub-allocation of currently held IP
space cannot be utilized.
Internal infrastructure allocations MUST NOT be routed on global Internet.
Internal infrastructure allocations MUST be allocated from specific
blocks reserved only for this purpose.
Rationale:
Organizations that have only a single aggregate may require
additional noncontiguous IP space for their internal infrastructure.
This space should not be routed in the global Internet routing table.
This will provide for the protection of internal infrastructure and
support for applications that are sensitive to long convergence times
like VoIP.
It is important to note that the additional prefix allocation will not
negatively impact the global routing table size as the additional prefix
should not be routed.
BGP Re-Convergence
------------------
ISPs use BGP to originate their aggregate from multiple nodes within
their infrastructure. They do this by routing their aggregate to
discard on multiple devices. This ensures the Internet can reach the
aggregate even when one or more nodes fail.
If the next hop for a route is reachable via an aggregate that is in the
routing table, then failures affecting the reachability of the next hop
are subject to BGP hold timers, which can cause traffic to be dropped
for the length of the bgp hold time
(typically 3 minutes)
The BGP re-convergence problem results when a multi-homed customer is
announcing the same route to two different edge routers. When the edge
router sourcing the primary path fails, the local address which is
acting as the next hop, is removed from the IGP. If the next hop is
still reachable through an aggregate or covering route, then the route
will not be immediately invalidated in bgp. Until the bgp session with
the failed device times out, traffic will be drawn to the device
originating the aggregate, which is routed to discard and traffic will
be dropped. After the bgp session with the failed device times out, the
route will be removed and the next best route will be used. To minimize
route failover time, you must ensure that the local addresses of the
infrastructure, that act as next-hops for Internet routes, are NOT
numbered with addresses that are a more specific than the aggregate.
A detailed description of the problem space follows in the next three
paragraphs.
Having BGP next-hops that are not aggregated can cause faster
convergence for customers who have multiple links to multiple routers of
a single upstream AS.
Take the case where a customer has two connections, link1 to
edge-router1 and link2 to edge-router2, to a single upstream AS. The
customer has an eBGP session with the loopback 2001:DB8::1/128 on
edge-router1 and with loopback 2001:DB8::2/128 on edge-router2. The
customer advertises a single prefix 2001:DB8:1000::/48 to both
edge-router1 and edge-router2. The edge routers set next-hop self. The
upstream ISP will have two paths to the prefix 2001:DB8:1000::/48, one
with a protocol next-hop of 2001:DB8::1 and one with a protocol next-hop
of 2001:DB8::2. Assume the upstream ISP's entire network prefers the
path to 2001:DB8:1000::/48 with a protocol next-hop of 2001:DB8::1 due
to lower BGP MED value. Also assume that all of the address space owned
by the upstream ISP is 2001:DB8::/32, and the loopbacks of both edge
routers are a more specific of the aggregate /32. The upstream ISP has
a pull-up route for 2001:DB8::/32 in the core of the network. This
allows for the aggregation of all the more specific routes of
2001:DB8::/32. It insures the stability of the 2001:DB8::/32
announcement, while preventing an isolated edge router from advertising
reachability to the network.
If edge-router1 fails then 2001:DB8::1/128 will be immediately removed
from the IGP. The preferred prefix for 2001:DB8:1000::/48 with a
next-hop of 2001:DB8::1 will remain a valid bgp route and will continue
to be the best path because 2001:DB8::1 is reachable through the pull-up
route 2001:DB8::/32. Traffic will get blackholed for up to three
minutes (BGP default hold time) until the BGP prefix 2001:DB8:1000::/48
with a protocol next-hop of 2001:DB8::1 times out. Only then will
traffic get forwarded to the next best path for 2001:DB8:1000::/48 with
a protocol next-hop of 2001:DB8::2.
If instead the loopbacks of the edge routers (or any BGP protocol
next-hop addresses) are not part of the 2001:DB8::/32 aggregate, and
there is no aggregate that covers the edge router loopbacks, then
convergence will be much quicker. Assume that edge-router1 is using
2001:408::1 and edge-router2 is using 2001:408::2, and the only pull-up
route is 2001:DB8::/32. In this case once edge-router1 fails, the IGP
will detect it and remove 2001:408::1/128 from the IGP. This will
invalidate the preferred path to 201:DB8:1000::/48 with a protocol
next-hop of 2001:408:1 as there will be no route to the next hop (or
even a less specific of this address). Once the path is invalidated,
then the next best path to 2001:DB8:1000::/48 with a protocol next-hop
of 2001:408::2 will be declared best. Convergence times will be on the
order of magnitude of the IGP failure detection and path re-calculation,
typically less than one second.
---------------
| Core Router |static route
| |2001:DB8::/32 discard
----+------+---
| |
/ \
/-------------/ \--------\
/ \
/ /----------------------------\ \
| | | |
------+---+-- --+---+------
|Core Router|static route |Core Router|static route
| |2001:DB8::/32 discard | |2001:DB8::/32 discard
---------+--- ---------+---
| |
---------+--------- ---------+---------
| edge-router1 | | edge-router2 |
| 2001:DB8::1/128 | | 2001:DB8::2/128 |
---------+--------- ---------+---------
| |
\ link1 link2 /
\------------\ /----------/
\ /
| |
----+---------+----
| CPE |
| |
---------+---------
|
LAN 2001:DB8:1000::/48
Internal Infrastructure Security Considerations
-----------------------------------------------
Internal infrastructure could be numbered out of space that is not
routed or reachable by the public Internet. This could be used to
secure internal only services in a multi-layered approach by filtering
direct network connections in the forwarding plane, and not routing the
network in the global Internet routing table. Internal services which
could take advantage of these layers of protection include: SNMP
services, iBGP mesh, Out-of-Band management network(s), remote access to
the network devices that make up the network in question. A layered
security approach will help to prevent breaches in security via singular
config management problems. Additionally, having all of the services out
of an aggregate block will simplify the configuration management situation.
In essence, this allows for a two tier approach of protecting
infrastructure, both in the control plane by not routing the network,
and in the forwarding plane by utilizing packet filters which are easily
constructed and managed due to the uniqueness of the internal
infrastructure block.
Private Address Considerations
------------------------------
Private addresses are not appropriate for a number of reasons. A public
Internet network using private addresses internally may create confusion
if trace routes contain private addresses. Additional problems may
result due to wide spread filtering of private address space. ICMP
messages may get dropped due to such a policy. This can lead to
perceived odd behavior and make troubleshooting difficult.
Additionally, the consequences of accidentally routing private ip space
that is not globally unique, are potentially worse than if you
accidentally announced globally unique space.
DNS for private address space is today provided by blackhole-1.iana.org.
and blackhole-2.iana.org. A provider who wants to maintain forward and
reverse DNS sanity has to hijack those ip addresses to provide
consistent DNS resolution.
This will cause any users who's traffic transits that provider's network
to also get 'inconsistent' answers with respect to the private address
space in question.
For management and troubleshooting purposes, it is important that
infrastructure which provides Internet route reachability be numbered
with addresses that resolve through DNS. Also, global uniqueness of
addressing is important in minimizing renumbering efforts as
organizations (and their networks) merge. RFC 4193 provides for neither
of these needs.
Timetable for implementation: Immediate
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